Emergency First Aid - EFA
The following are my lecture notes - 11-12 April 2011, Room 415, Ms. Christine Dolleton (RN), TMTCP Ermita Manila
Table of Contents
1. First Aid
2. Body Structures and Functions
a. Skeletal system
b. Muscular system
c. Respiratory system
d. Circulatory system
e. Nervous system
3. Emergency Action Principles (EAP)
4. Basic Life Support
a. Airway obstruction
b. Respiratory arrest
c. Cardiac arrest
5. Summary of Layman's CPCR
6. Emergency Action Principle (Sequence for lay Rescuers CPR)
7. Wounds
8. Bleeding
9. Shock
10. Burn
11. Dressing & Bandaging
12. Emergency Rescue & Transfer
a. Emergency rescue
b. Emergency transfer
i. Methods of transfer
> One man carry
> Two man carry
> Three man carry
> Six to eight man carry
ii. The Neil Robertson Stretcher
2. Body Structures and Functions
a. Skeletal system
b. Muscular system
c. Respiratory system
d. Circulatory system
e. Nervous system
3. Emergency Action Principles (EAP)
4. Basic Life Support
a. Airway obstruction
b. Respiratory arrest
c. Cardiac arrest
5. Summary of Layman's CPCR
6. Emergency Action Principle (Sequence for lay Rescuers CPR)
7. Wounds
8. Bleeding
9. Shock
10. Burn
11. Dressing & Bandaging
12. Emergency Rescue & Transfer
a. Emergency rescue
b. Emergency transfer
i. Methods of transfer
> One man carry
> Two man carry
> Three man carry
> Six to eight man carry
ii. The Neil Robertson Stretcher
First Aid
Elementary first aid is a requirement in accordance with section A-VV1of the STCW Code.
First Aid - Immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly ill.
Take note on the word CARE as this is the primary rule of first aid and not medication. Medication is the procedure administered by qualified medical practitioners.
Objective:
1. Alleviate human suffering.
2. Prevent added injury or danger.
3. Prolong life.
First Aider should be:
> Resourecful
> Caring
> Gentle
> Humanitarian
First Aid - Immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly ill.
Take note on the word CARE as this is the primary rule of first aid and not medication. Medication is the procedure administered by qualified medical practitioners.
Objective:
1. Alleviate human suffering.
2. Prevent added injury or danger.
3. Prolong life.
First Aider should be:
> Resourecful
> Caring
> Gentle
> Humanitarian
Body Structure & Functions
A. Skeletal System
Skeleton - Are bones that serves as the framework of the human body.
Joints - Are the union of two (2) bones and provide range of motion. a. Skull - bones that protects our brain from injury b. Spinal Column (Backbone) - composed of the spinal cord & spinal nerves c. Shoulder Girdle
> Collarbone (Clavicle) > Shoulder blade (Scapula) d. Upper extremities > Arm - humerous > Forearm - radius & ulna - Carpals, Metacarpals & Phalanges > Hands e. Ribs - 12 pairs of ribs > Sternum - Xyphoid Process & Substernal notch Warning: Extra care must be observed when performing CPCR not to touch the xyphoid area as it will pinch the liver. f. Pelvis In human anatomy, the pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is the part of the trunk inferioposterior (below-behind) to the abdomen in the transition area between the trunk (torso) and the lower limbs (legs). The term is used to denote several structures: * The structure connecting the spine to the femurs (thigh bones), * The pelvic cavity, the space enclosed by the pelvic girdle, subdivided into greater & lesser pelvis, * The pelvic region. g. Lower Extremity > Thigh - Femur & Patella (knee cap) > Leg - Tibia & Fibula > Feet - Tarsals, Metatarsals & phalanges |
B. Muscular System
Muscle - Produces movement of the body Kinds of Muscles [1] Striated / Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary) - Under the control of a person's will. [2] Smooth / Visceral Muscle (Involuntary) - Person has little, very limited or no control over the muscles and usually not conscious of them. [3] Cardiac Muscle (Heart) - Able to stimulate itself into contraction. |
C. Respiratory System
Lungs - Organ for respiration or breathing (inhale & exhale)
Alviole - where the exchange of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide takes place Trachea - Windpipe / Air passageway Oesophagus - Food passageway Epiglottis - Valve that closes when anything goes into oesophagus to prevent from entering into the windpipe and ultimately to the lungs. |
Note:
The reason why the head is tilted to the side when doing stomach trust is because the epiglottis is open when a person is unconscious. |
D. Circulatory System
Heart - Pumping organ of the body which is located at the center of the chest.
Chambers of the heart 1. Atrium - Entry chamber (from the body & lungs) 2. Ventricle - Output chamber of the heart (to the body & lungs) Typical Heart Rates Adult - 60 to 100 bpm (beats per minute) Child - 100 to 120 bpm Infant - 120 to 160 bpm Blood Vessels:
1. Artery - Passageway of oxygenated blood out of the heart. - Distributor of the blood. - Has pulse 2. Veins - Passageway of blood to the heart. - Collector of blood. - Largest 3. Capillaries - Aid in the distribution of nutrients to the body - Smallest Types of Blood 1. Red Blood Cell (RBC) - Blood that contains oxygen. 2. White Blood Cell (WBC) - Fights infection. 3. Platelets - Help control bleeding due to clotting factor. 4. Plasma - Liquid part of the blood that contains nutrients. |
E. Nervous System
The Nervous System is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions and transmit signals between different parts of its body. In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system of vertebrates (such as humans) contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system. These regions are all interconnected by means of complex neural pathways. The enteric nervous system, a subsystem of the peripheral nervous system, has the capacity, even when severed from the rest of the nervous system through its primary connection by the vagus nerve, to function independently in controlling the gastrointestinal system.<source: wikipedia.com>
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